Zimbabwe:
Key policy issues and challenges
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| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Holistic approach to agrarian reform (infrastructure, land reform, social, institutional) is required
- Realistic target setting
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- Clarify objectives and processes for poverty alleviation and land reform
- Re-engage the policy process
- Is it about land reform or power? - define objectives clearly
No safeguards to ensure equity
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Develop human resources to plan and implement sustainable approaches (fast track)
- Institutional transformation
- Conceptualise the impact of HIV/Aids on the land reform process
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- Civil society is being excluded
- Strengthen lobbying — farm workers
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Namibia:
Key policy issues and challenges
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| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Intensive use of land and increased productivity of current farming practices
- Collective farms - is it a problem of size or support?
- Absence of clear priorities for land reform
- Poor inter-ministerial co-operation
- Realistic target setting
- Develop integrated development programme for farm workers
- Redistribution/tenure reform not part of wider agrarian reform
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- Lack of political will vs. ambiguity at policy level
- Political influence of potential beneficiaries
- Emotions vs. economics of land ownership
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Lack of planning capacity
- State allocation of funds for post-transfer support does not match need
- Develop measures in order to assess land reform progress - links with assessing government's capacity
- Need policies in place to develop capacity of government to implement land reform
- Inadequate human resource capacity to develop community specific resettlement models
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- Farm workers' rights require attention
- Limited capacity - particularly in research
- Clearly established structures for civil society input required - for policy process
- Make policy commitments
- Need for monitoring and evaluating the land resettlement programme
- Participatory approach required
- Low profile of civil society in a land debate dominated by the government
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Mozambique:
Key policy issues and challenges
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| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Lack of effective models for investor-community relations
- Limited integration with other natural resource use programmes and protective legislation for the poor
- Land reform should be linked to other development initiatives such as eco-tourism drives of government
|
- Government should promote trust between political groups around the land reform process
- Lack of political support and/or understanding of land policy at lower levels of government
- Registration of title is subject to willingness of state - democratic rights issue
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Tensions between the political interests of ruling party and social needs of people
- Urgently require sufficiently qualified personnel to implement land policy
- Necessary to design appropriate institutional mechanisms within decentralisation:
- Outsourcing of government technical functions
- ensuring participation in land planning, allocation and management
- Impact of HIV/Aids on state's capacity undermines human resources
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- National NGOs generally weak and inexperienced, yet required for conflict resolution & participatory processes
- Lobbying and advocacy necessary to influence land reform
- NGOs required to source funding to support land reform process
- CBOs require better understanding of the implications of new legislation
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Malawi:
Key policy issues and challenges
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| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Co-ordination between relevant departments lacking - this required for effective land reform
- Gender policy lacking
- HIV/Aids prevention and land reform should be mutually supportive
|
- Political will required to drive process
- Land reform will challenge authority of chiefs - a challenge for government
- Land reform will challenge position of commercial farmers - is the government serious about redistribution and prepared to challenge this sector?
- Marginalised need to be involved to change top-down process underway
- Short-term safety nets need to be linked to long-term land reform process to combat poverty effectively
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Behind lack of co-ordination is a lack of state capacity - weak institutions are unable to co-ordinate effectively
- Impact of HIV/Aids on state's capacity undermines human resources
|
- Civil society not mobilised, yet required to participate to ensure objectives of land policy are met
- Advocate land issues
- Interpret policies and convey these to the public
- Ensure debate between traditional authorities and elected structures in terms of land reform objectives and processes
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Lesotho:
Key policy issues and challenges
|
| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- If land reform is to combat poverty it should be:
-
linked to programmes to make the land more productive
- supported by post land transfer policies to ensure production
- linked to programmes intended to combat land degradation
|
- Government policy is ambivalent around the land policy objectives
- There is no structural connection between the land policy and poverty alleviation
- There should be non-discrimination when allocating land
- Tenure needs to be improved for investment and development
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Scarce state and government resources a major concern
|
- The role of civil society is negligible
- Need genuine ongoing consultation during policy process
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Swaziland:
Key policy issues and challenges
|
| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Holistic approach to the rural sector required
- Link small-scale agriculture to markets
- Needs analysis required before land reform
|
- Political commitment to land reform is ambiguous
- Question around land access and tenure security
- Question around why the state is the driver of land reform
- Participation is essential
- Dual legal system problematic in terms of socio-cultural concerns and gender issues
- Define role of traditional authorities within policy
- Harmonise traditional law and democratic aspirations
|
| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- With zero economic growth how can land reform be implemented?
- Weak state capacity requires alternative implementation strategies
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- Civil society is an alternative forum to debate land issues
- Civil society required to engage with the dual legal system and separation of powers
- Question of who owns the land crucial - the state or the people?
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South Africa:
Key policy issues and challenges
|
| Policies and programmes complementary to land reform |
Policy processes and political dynamics |
- Role of land reform in farm and non-farm rural development unclear
- Failure to link land reform and poverty alleviation clearly - what does poverty alleviation mean in reality?
- Dichotomy between land rights and
economic development
- Sustainable technical support programmes required
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- The advantages and disadvantages of communal tenure unclear
- Insufficient consultation with relevant stakeholders
- Neo-liberal prescriptions across sectors problematic
- Ambivalence on traditional authorities vis-Р°-vis democratic land holding
- Farm worker participation in land reform required
- Political rhetoric does not match practice
- Declining budgets, continual under-spending
- Urban priority for government - rural areas neglected
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| State capacity |
The role of civil society |
- Impact of HIV/Aids on state capacity unknown
- Limited government capacity to implement land reform
- Government should outsource functions it cannot manage itself
- Lack of land reform skills, resources and capacity at all government levels
- Local government needs investment to proactively drive land reform in a supply-led approach
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- Community-based approach to land reform necessary
- Alternative approaches to market-led land reform required - compulsory acquisition
- Civil society to build links between three legs of land reform
- Programmes required to monitor abuse of farm workers
- NGOs no longer influential
- Adversarial relationship between government and NGOs has negative impact
- No movement/pressure from below to drive land reform
- Give real content to gender policy
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