Introduction
The migration of persons across international boundaries in search of better opportunities or as a result of war, conflict and political instability has risen substantially over the years. The United Nations Population Division estimates that there are currently 175 million people living outside of their country of origin, which is more than twice the number a generation ago.1 As communications and transport infrastructure become more sophisticated and cheaper, this trend is likely to continue in the foreseeable future.
This movement of persons, from their own countries of nationality or citizenship to other countries where they take up temporary or permanent residence and may even become citizens, significantly challenges the notions of individual, group or national identity associated with nation states. Even in multicultural and diverse societies, such as those found in most southern African countries, nationality and citizenship are overriding features that define those who belong and those who do not belong.
There is an emerging consensus that, if migration is properly managed by both the countries of origin and the destination countries, it can have a positive developmental impact. What is often referred to as the 'nexus between migration and development' is becoming a familiar refrain in the global debates about migration. The essence of this approach is that, rather than viewing and responding to migration as a problem that challenges states economically, politically, socially and culturally, that it should be channelled and managed in a manner that maximises its positive impact, particularly in the economic sphere.2
This debate often takes place in conjunction with the globalisation debate: the idea that the countries of the world are becoming more interdependent and that higher levels of cooperation are required if all countries, developed and developing, are to benefit. Implicit in this debate is the recognition that migration is inevitable, but at the same time there is an expressed need for it to be managed, rather than just allowing it to increase as a result of globalisation.3
However, the argument that migration should be managed as part of a developmental framework is often seen to be at odds with dominant opinions within nation states about who the beneficiaries of such development ought to be. It is at this intersection of migration, citizenship and national identity and development that the concepts related to the free movement of persons become complex and sometimes controversial.
The importance of migration in the context of development in African states is clearly recognised by the African Union in its ‘Strategic Framework for a policy on migration in Africa.’, which was drafted in the wake of a series of resolutions and recommendations that were adopted by various meetings between African Heads of State and other political leaders.
The African Union (AU) Framework takes as one of its key imperatives, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) strategy that is aimed at promoting the development of the African continent. While acknowledging that NEPAD does not consider migration as a 'sectoral priority', it nevertheless makes the point that NEPAD has the potential to contribute to the solution of many of the root causes of migration by promoting socio-economic and political development.4
In framing the need for a comprehensive continental set of migration policies, the AU document states the following:
...[W]ell-managed migration has the potential to yield significant benefits to origin and destination states...However, mismanaged or unmanaged migration can have serious consequences for states' and migrants' well-being, including potential destabilising effects on national and regional security, and jeopardising interstate relations. Mismanaged migration can also lead to tensions between host communities and migrants, and give rise to xenophobia, discrimination and other social pathologies.5
This AU statement, while emphasising the developmental potential of migration, clearly recognises the complexities of managing migration in relation to notions of 'insiders' and 'outsiders' and citizen’s opinions about those who belong and should benefit from development and those who do not belong and should not benefit.
Footnotes:
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United Nations Population Division. International Migration Report 2002.
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IOM. World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration Geneva, 2005.
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International Organisation for Migration (IOM). World Migration 2005: Costs and Benefits of International
Migration.
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African Union (AU). Draft Strategic Framework for a policy on migration in Africa 6.
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Ibid.
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